Collections:Texts:Chemistry
From ChemEd Collaborative
This textbook was written in the mid-1970s by John Moore, William G. Davies, and Ronald W. Collins. It was published in 1978 by McGraw-Hill with ISBN 0-07-042925-1. When the book went out of print in the mid 1980s, the publisher assigned copyright back to the authors, only one of whom is still living. The current holder of copyright, John Moore, has authorized that the book be made available through the Chemical Education Digital Library. The book’s content is available under the same terms of use as all other material on the Chemical Education Digital Library .
The text makes significant use of pictorial diagrams representing electron distributions in atoms by the density of dots (see the example for carbon at the right). More sophisticated diagrams using this same principle can be made today, but in the 1970s it took a mainframe computer and pen plotter a long time to make the ones in this book. Readers are invited to contribute to the book through this wiki. One obvious way to do so would be to prepare new, more modern versions of such figures—as well as many more figures similar to these.
Readers will note that there are no chapter-end problems in this version of the book. We expect that readers will make use of the large collection of problems available through the JCE Digital Library QBank collection. Using QBank and the ChemEd Courses (ChemEd DL Moodle service), users could set up a course in which this textbook serves its normal function and the QBank questions in Moodle serve as the end-of-chapter problems. The Moodle questions are designed to provide individualized homework sets for each student, with questions for each topic being selected from a large number of similar questions in a question bank.
This book is the embodiment of the idea of a living textbook of chemistry. Because it is available through a wiki, anyone can contribute to its further development. In addition to more sophisticated graphics, there are many ways in which contributions to the book could be made. One would be to check values of physical constants and other numeric data, updating where necessary. Another would be to expand the coverage of the periodic table to all of the elements that have been discovered since the mid 1970s. Another would be to contribute graphics that could be incorporated into the text. (Of course, all contributed material must be free of copyright restrictions—either the author’s own work or work for which written permission is available.) We encourage anyone to contribute to the wiki any material that would enhance what is already available.
Table of Contents
| Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 What Chemists Do 1.2 Measurement 1.3 The International System of Units (SI) 1.4 Conversion Factors Summary | Chapter 12 - CHEMISTRY OF THE REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS
12.1 Group IA: Alkali Metals 12.2 Group IIA: Alkaline Earths 12.3 Group IIIA 12.4 Group IVA 12.5 Group VA 12.6 Group VIA: Chalcogens 12.7 Group VIIA: Halogens 12.8 Group VIIIA: Noble Gases Summary 12 |
| Chapter 2 - ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2.1 Macroscopic Properties and Microscopic Models 2.2 Historical Development of the Atomic Theory 2.3 The Atomic Theory 2.4 Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of a Chemical Reaction 2.5 Testing the Atomic Theory 2.6 Atomic Weights 2.7 The Amount of Substance: Moles 2.8 The Molar Mass 2.9 Formulas and Composition 2.10 Balancing Chemical Equations Summary 2 | Chapter 13 - CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
13.1 The Equilibrium State 13.2 The Equilibrium Constant 13.3 Calculating the Extent of a Reaction 13.4 Le Chatelier’s Principle 13.5 The Molecular View of Equilibrium Summary 13 |
| Chapter 3 - USING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS IN CALCULATIONS
3.1 Equations and Mass Relationships 3.2 Analysis of Compounds 3.3 Thermo-chemistry 3.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 3.5 Solutions Summary 3 | Chapter 14 - IONIC EQUILIBRIA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
14.1 Ionization of Water 14.2 The pH of Solutions of Weak Acids and Weak Bases 14.3 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 14.4 Buffer Solutions 14.5 Acid-Base Titrations 14.6 The Solubility Product Summary 14 |
| Chapter 4 - THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
4.1 Descriptive Chemistry of Some Groups of Related Elements 4.2 The Periodic Classification of the Elements 4.3 The Nuclear Atom 4.4 Atomic Structure and Isotopes 4.5 Measurement of Atomic Weights Summary 4 | Chapter 15 - THERMODYNAMICS: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND ENERGY
15.1 Heat Capacities 15.2 Internal Energy 15.3 Enthalpy 15.4 Bond Enthalpies 15.5 Fossil Fuels and the Energy Crisis Summary 15 |
| Chapter 5 - THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS
5.1 Electrons and Valence 5.2 The Wave Nature of the Electron 5.3 Electron Waves in the Hydrogen Atom 5.4 The Potential Energy of Electrons 5.5 Atoms Having More Than One Electron 5.6 Electron Configurations 5.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Summary 5 | Chapter 16 - ENTROPY AND SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS
16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Molecular Probability 16.2 Thermodynamic Probability and Entropy 16.3 Getting Acquainted with Entropy 16.4 Including the Surroundings 16.5 The Free Energy 16.6 Equilibrium Constants Revisited Summary 16 |
| Chapter 6 - CHEMICAL BONDING—ELECTRON PAIRS AND OCTETS.....
6.1 Ionic Bonding 6.2 Periodic Variation of ionization Energy and Electron Affinity 6.3 Binary Ionic Compounds and Their Properties 6.4 The Covalent Bond 6.5 Covalent Molecules and the Octet Rule 6.6 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules 6.7 Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 6.8 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions Summary 6 | Chapter 17 - ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
17.1 Electrolysis 17.2 Commercial Applications of Electrolysis 17.3 Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis 17.4 Galvanic Cells 17.5 Electromotive Force of Galvanic Cells 17.6 Commercial Galvanic Cells 17.7 Galvanic Cells and Free Energy Summary 17 |
| Chapter 7 - FURTHER ASPECTS OF COVALENT BONDING
7.1 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 7.2 The Shapes of Molecules 7.3 Orbitals Consistent with Molecular Shapes 7.4 Orbital Descriptions of Multiple Bonds 7.5 Polarity of Bonds: Electronegativity 7.6 Oxidation Numbers 7.7 Some Difficulties with Electron-Pair Bonds Summary 7 | Chapter 18 - CHEMICAL KINETICS
18.1 Experimental Measurement of Rates 18.2 Microscopic View of Chemical Reactions 18.3 Reaction Mechanisms 18.4 Increasing the Rate of a Reaction 18.5 Some Important Types of Catalysts Summary 18 |
| Chapter 8 - PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND OTHER COVALENT SUBSTANCES.....
8.1 Covalent Compounds and Intermolecular Forces 8.2 Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbons 8.3 Hydrogen Bonding: Water 8.4 Organic Compounds-Some Additional Classes 8.5 Macromolecular Substances 8.6 Synthetic Macromolecules: Some Applied Organic Chemistry Summary 8 | Chapter 19 - NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
19.1 Naturally Occurring Nuclear Reactions 19.2 Artificially Induced Nuclear Reactions 19.3 Nuclear Stability 19.4 The Rate of Radioactive Decay 19.5 Detection and Measurement of Radiation 19.6 Uses of Artificial Isotopes in Chemistry 19.7 Mass-Energy Relationships 19.8 Nuclear Fission 19.9 Nuclear Fusion Summary 19 |
| Chapter 9 - GASES
9.1 Properties of Gases 9.2 Gas Laws 9.3 Gas Volumes and Moles 9.4 Kinetic Theory of Gases 9.5 Deviations from the Ideal Gas Law Summary 9 | Chapter 20 - MOLECULES IN LIVING SYSTEMS
20.1 The Elements of Life 20.2 The Building Blocks of Biochemistry 20.3 Fats and Lipids 20.4 Carbohydrates 20.5 Proteins 20.6 Nucleic Acids Summary 20 |
| Chapter 10 - SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS
10.1 Solids 10.2 Liquids 10.3 Phase Transitions 10.4 Phase Diagrams 10.5 Solutions 10.6 The Separation of Mixtures 10.7 Colligative Properties of Solutions Summary 10 | Chapter 21 - SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES
21.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 21.2 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory 21.3 The Spectra of Molecules: Infrared 21.4 The Visible and Ultraviolet Spectra of Molecules: Molecular Orbitals Summary 21 |
| 11 - REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
11.1 Ions in Solution 11.2 Acid-Base Reactions 11.3 Acid and Base Strength 11.4 Lewis Acids and Bases 11.5 Redox Reactions 11.6 Some Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 11.7 Redox Couples Summary 11 | Chapter 22 – METALS
22.1 Metallic Bonding 22.2 Metallurgy 22.3 Coordination Compounds 22.4 Transitional Metal Ions in Aqueous Solutions Summary 22
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